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SS Archimedes
SS ''Archimedes'' was a steamship built in Britain in 1839. She is notable for being the world's first steamship〔The emphasis here is on ''ship''. There were a number of successful propeller-driven vessels prior to ''Archimedes'', including Smith's own ''Francis Smith'' and Ericsson's ''Francis B. Ogden'' and ''Robert F. Stockton''. However, these vessels were ''boats''—designed for service on inland waterways—as opposed to ''ships'', built for seagoing service.〕 to be driven by a screw propeller.〔''"The type of screw propeller that now propels the vast majority of boats and ships was patented in 1836, first by the British engineer Francis Pettit Smith, then by the Swedish engineer John Ericsson. Smith used the design in the first successful screw-driven steamship, the ''Archimedes'', which was launched in 1839."''—Marshall Cavendish, p. 1335.〕〔''"The propeller was invented in 1836 by Francis Pettit Smith in Britain and John Ericsson in the United States. It first powered a seagoing ship, appropriately called the ''Archimedes'', in 1839."''—Macauley and Ardley, p. 378.〕〔''"In 1839, the Messrs. Rennie constructed the engines, machinery and propeller, for the celebrated ''Archimedes'', from which may be said to date the introduction of the screw system of propulsion ..."''—''Mechanics Magazine'', p. 220.〕〔''"It was not until 1839 that the principle of propelling steamships by a screw blade was fairly brought before the world, and for this we are indebted, as almost every adult will remember, to Mr. F. P. Smith of London. He was the man who first made the screw propeller practically useful. Aided by spirited capitalists, he built a large steamer named the "Archimedes", and the results obtained from her at once arrested public attention."''—MacFarlane, p. 109.〕
''Archimedes'' had considerable influence on ship development, encouraging the adoption of screw propulsion by the Royal Navy, in addition to her influence on commercial vessels. She also had a direct influence on the design of another innovative vessel, Isambard Kingdom Brunel's , then the world's largest ship and the first screw-propelled steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
==Background==
The principle of moving water with a screw has been known since the invention of the Archimedes' screw, named after Archimedes of Syracuse who lived in the 3rd Century BC. It was not until the 18th century however, and the invention of the steam engine, that a practical means of delivering effective power to a marine screw propulsion system became available, but initial attempts to build such a vessel met with failure.〔Fincham, pp. 339-341.〕
In 1807, the world's first commercially successful steam-powered vessel, Robert Fulton's ''North River Steamboat'', made its debut. As this vessel was powered by paddlewheels rather than a propeller, the paddlewheel thereby became the ''de facto'' early standard for steamship propulsion. Experimentation with screw propulsion continued in some quarters, however, and between 1750 and the 1830s numerous patents for marine propellers were taken out by various inventors,〔Smith, pp. 66-67.〕 though few of these inventions were pursued to the testing stage, and those that were proved unsatisfactory for one reason or another.〔Fincham, pp. 339-344.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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